Chemistry
and mineralogy of titania-rich slags. Part 1—Hemo-ilmenite,
sulphate,
and upgraded titania slags
Michel Guéguin and François Cardarelli
Abstract.
- Titania-rich slags with
80 mass percent TiO2
are produced in the electric arc
furnaces of QIT-Fer & Titane, Inc., by the continuous smelting
of
hemo-ilmenite ore with anthracite coal. Titania slag represents an
important feedstock for the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigment by
the sulphate process. Moreover, part of the production of the
titania-rich slag is further acid-leached under a high-pressure and
moderate-temperature hydrometallurgical process to yield an upgraded
titania slag with 94.5 mass percent TiO2,
which is used in
the chloride process. After describing in detail the beneficiation,
chemistry, and mineralogy of the hemo-ilmenite ore, this article
reviews the unique crystallochemistry and mineralogy of the titanate
phases with pseudobrookite-karrooite structure and to a lesser extent
silicates and oxides present in these titania-rich feedstocks, focusing
on the chemical reactions occurring at each step of the pyro- and
hydro-metallurgical processes. The behavior of major elements such as
titanium, iron, magnesium, calcium, aluminum, and silicon along with
that of minor elements such as vanadium, chromium, and manganese are
particularly detailed. A general discussion of the methods specifically
developed for the study of the synthetic minerals present in these
materials is also presented.
Mineral
Processing and Extractive
Metallurgy Review
Volume
28, Number 1, January-March
2007,
Pages 1-58 [Full
text PDF file (2.5 MB)]
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Keywords: maths,
physics,
mechanics, quantum
mechanics,
relativity, electricity,
electrostatic, electromagnetism,
magnetism, thermodynamics, acoustics,
optics,
chemistry,
general chemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical
chemistry, semi-micro qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis,
physical chemistry,
radiochemistry, nuclear chemistry, electrochemistry, spectrochemistry,
surface chemistry,
industrial chemistry,
chemical
engineering, electrochemical
engineering,
mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering, thermal engineering, civil
engineering, nuclear engineering,
materials engineering, materials science, materials data, properties of
materials
properties, aqueous electrolytes, electrolysis, electrodics, electrode
kinetics, corrosion science, electrodeposition, electrowinning,
electrorefining, electrocatalysis,
electrodes,
inert anode, dimensionally stable anodes (DSA®), chlorine
evolution, ruthenium
dioxide (RuO2),
DSA-Cl2,
DSA-RuO2,
oxygen evolution, iridium dioxide (IrO2),
DSA-O2,
DSA-IrO2,
mixed metal oxides (MMO), activated
titanium anodes, oxide coated titanium
anodes, lead anodes,
lead-silver anodes, lead dioxide (PbO2),
spinel electrodes,
ferrites, cobaltites, lithium
metal, lithium batteries, lithium ion batteries, lithium polymer
batteries, fuel cells, molten
salts electrolytes, molten slags, liquid metals, titanium metal,
titania, titania slag, titanium slag,
titanium dioxide (TiO2),
titanates, corrosion resistance, ferrous metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Mn), pig
iron and steel, cobalt and cobalt alloys, nickel and nickel alloys,
manganese, ferroalloys, ferrosilicon, ferrophosphorus, ferrochromium,
silico-ferromanganese, ferrovanadium, ferromolybdenum, ferrotungsten,
ferrotitanium, common nonferrous metals (Al, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn), aluminium
and aluminum alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper
alloys, zinc and zinc alloys, lead, tin,
light metals, less common metals, alkali-metals, alkaline-earth metals,
refractory metals (Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Re), titanium and
titanium alloys, zirconium and zirconium alloys, hafnium and hafnium
alloys,
vanadium and
vanadium alloys,
niobium and niobium alloys, columbium and columbium alloys, tantalum
and tantalum alloys, chromium,
molybdenum and molybdenum alloys, tungsten and tungsten alloys,
wolfram, rhenium and rhenium alloys, reactive metals, noble and
precious metals (Ag, Au), silver, gold, platinum group metals (PGMs,
Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt), ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium,
iridium, platinum, rare earths, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum (Sc, Y,
La), lanthanides, actinides, uranides (Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu) and
curides, uranium, thorium, plutonium, heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Hg, In, Tl,
Pb, Bi), mercury, cadmium, nonmetals, semimetals, metalloids (Si, Ge,
As, Sb, Se, Te), silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, selenium, tellurium,
semiconductors, superconductors,
advanced ceramics,
refractories, glasses,
dielectrics, hard
and soft
magnetics, minerals, ores, rocks, soils, meteorites, metrology,
measurements,
scientific units, weights and measures,
conversion
factors, conversion tables, handbooks, equivalences, manuals, guide,
système international d'unités, SI, SI derived
units,
MKSA, Giorgi, metric system, US customary system, American units, US
units, international electrical units, IEUS,
centimeter-gram-second, CGS, emu and esu, MKpS, meter-ton-second, MTS,
foot-pound-second, Stroud's system, FPS,
Imperial units, British units, UK units, atomic units, au, ancient
systems of units, national systems of units,
extractive metallurgy, pyrometallurgy,
hydrometallurgy, earth's sciences, mineralogy, crystallography,
petrology, petrography, geology,
geophysics, geochemistry, biology,
biochemistry, bio-implants, medecine,
stable isotopes,
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